Asian American Representation
This part of our project deals with the representation of Asian Americans in two crucial areas: politics and the media. The first text is about how Asian Americans are represented in politics. The second text discusses Asian American representation in the news media, and the third text offers an insight into Asian American stand-up comedy in entertainment media.
Asian Americans in Politics
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Asian Americans are framed as the model minority in the US. Their education and income are above average, which leads to the assumption that they are well-integrated. Ignoring the fact that the narrative of the model minority might be contested, it is yet to be found out whether their model status coincides with high rates of political representation. This short analysis aims at describing to what extent Asian Americans are represented proportionally in the US political system. It will be seen that this minority group is only partly represented according to their share of population. It will be shown that there is a progression in Asian American representation in the US legislative branch compared to their representation in the past. It will also be seen to what extent political standpoints of Congress members are in line with the public opinion of the Asian American population. Ultimately, it will be attempted to explain the results that were gathered in the analysis.
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Asian Americans are underrepresented in US politics. This observation is based on a comparison between the share of Asian Americans in the population and the share of offices held in the US Congress. In order to find out how much of the US population is comprised of Asian Americans, data from the 2020 US census was analyzed. About 7.2 percent of Americans claim to have an Asian identity. This includes people with an Asian identity only, as well as people with an Asian identity and one or more other identities. The US Senate is comprised of two Asian American senators out of 100, which translates to a share of two percent. There are 14 Asian Americans in office in the 435-seat US House of Representatives, which equals a share of 3.22 percent. This results in a combined 2.52 percent quota of seats in the two-chamber Congress. Comparing the share of total Asian American population with those represented in Congress, it becomes evident that this minority is underrepresented in US politics. A possible explanation of this can be found in a 2018 study by Marcela García-Castañon and colleagues, which found that Non-Whites and especially Asian Americans are significantly less mobilized to vote than White-Americans as campaigners aim their policy at predominantly White voters, causing Asian Americans to refrain from engaging with politics in the first place. This results in an underrepresentation of Asian Americans on a federal level.​
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Most Asian American Congress members hold office for the state of California. Eight out of 16 Congress members are representatives for California, which equals exactly half of all Asian American members. It is particularly striking that the next two largest shareholders, Washington and Illinois, are relatively far behind California, with two members each. All other states that provide Asian American Congress members only have one representative each. This might be explained on the one hand by California having the largest share of representatives in Congress and California having the highest share of Asian Americans in the state’s population on the other hand. Since eight out of 52 Californian House members have an Asian identity, their share of Asian American-held seats is far higher than in other states with a quota of about 15.4 percent. Additionally, this share coincides with the share of Asian Americans in the Californian population with about 15.9 percent. Thus, Californian House seats are in proportion to its overall Asian American population. On the flipside, this leaves three quarters of the Asian American population in other states underrepresented, while only those 25 percent of Asian American population in California are represented proportionally by their home state. In addition, the state with the second highest Asian American population, Texas, has no Asian American representative at all. The examples of Texas and California emphasize the patchy distribution of Asian American office holders.​
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The share of Asian Americans in Congress has increased in the last two decades. Whereas six to eight representatives were Asian American from 2001 to 2009, and ten to eleven in the elections between 2011 to 2015, 15 to 17 representatives were Asian American since the 2017 elections. This translates to an increase of about 140 percent. It must however be taken into account that this study included Pacific Islanders, who are known to provide only one representative in the 2021 Congress. According to a Pew Research Center study, the Asian American population has risen at a rate of 83 percent from 2000 to 2019. This shows that the share of Asian American Congress members has grown even more than the share of Asian Americans in the US population. A 2021 paper by Ming Chen suggests that this development might be due to their increasing share in population since 1965 as well as lowered administrative barriers to take part in elections. Although their share is still does not match the share of Asian Americans overall, it becomes evident that the proportional representation of the model minority has clearly bettered.
(more on the development of Asian American influence on politics here)
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Asian Americans tend to favor the Democratic party. Most Asian American Congress Representatives are Democrats. Only two out of 16 Congress members of Asian American descent are Republicans. Political standpoints move along the known party cleavages of Democrats and the GOP. Democrats are more supportive of for example gun control, abortion rights, soft borders or green energy. This concurs with Democratic Asian American Congress members dealt with during the analysis. The same accordance with the party holds true for Asian American Congress members of the GOP, who were found to be in line with the party discourse, too. The uneven distribution of Asian American representatives for the benefit of the Democratic party in a strongly polarized political system is also reflected in their voting behavior. The Asian American Voter Survey has found out that in 2022 only 25 percent of Asian Americans claim they voted Republican, whereas 53 percent say they voted Democratic. This shows that the dominance of Democratic Asian Americans in Congress is linked to the preference of the Democratic party in the Asian American population. This notion is supported by the voter turnout in the 2020 Presidential election. According to a 2021 study by Ming Chen and Hunter Knapp, 61-68% of Asian American voters supported Joe Biden, emphasizing that the Asian American vote can sway elections. In comparison to the overall election results, which generally has a close-to-balanced party distribution, a clear tendency towards values advocated for by Democrats can be seen. This materializes in better election outcomes for the Democratic party.
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Conclusively, it was shown that Asian Americans are underrepresented in US politics on a federal level. They are represented proportionally in the state of California only. Moreover, it was illustrated that the share of Asian American Congress members has increased more than Asian American population growth. The Democratic dominance of Asian American representatives mirrors the preference of Democratic values in the Asian American population. In the end, the narrative of the model minority can be contested in terms of their political representation.
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After these insights into the situation regarding Asian Americans in politics, the next text discusses:
Asian Americans in the News Media
In her article "How the news media portray Latinos in stories and images: 5 studies to know", Denise-Marie Ordway points out regarding minority groups in general, "Academic studies in recent decades have repeatedly shown that how the news media portray (...) minority groups influences how the public feels about them and whether voters support policies designed to help them." Ms. Ordway's words underline the significance appropriate news media coverage can hold - including the consequences inappropriate news media coverage might have. This part of our class project looks into how Asian Americans are portrayed in the news media.
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Three aspects are mentioned repeatedly with regard to this question. (In her article "How journalists cover Asian Americans: 4 studies on news portrayals and the 'modal minority' myth." Denise-Marie Ordway, for instance, discusses all three of them.) Firstly, that Asian Americans and Asian American issues seem (more often than not) to receive little or no news media attention at all. Secondly, that Asian Americans appear (most often) to be referred to under this all-encompassing umbrella term rather than more individually and more specifically with terms such as Japanese Americans, Indian Americans, etc. And thirdly, that news media portrayal of Asian Americans (quite often) seems stereotypical.
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Regarding the first aspect, some might argue that receiving little media attention might be bothersome for Asian Americans - but not harmful as, for instance, negative portrayal by the news media would be. But is this in fact true? A closer look at this issue can reveal that being neglected by the news media holds the potential of being as harmful as - arguably even more so than - being obviously maltreated might be. Just one example on the importance of being visible in the news media: Denise-Marie Ordway points out in her already mentioned article "How journalists cover Asian Americans: 4 studies on news portrayals and the 'modal minority' myth." that the news media are the main source of information for both decisionmakers and the public regarding political players and how they participate within the system. Thinking a bit further along this line of reasoning, this could mean that if Asian Americans and their issues are (regularly) ignored by the news media, it seems likely that their needs - whether in terms of political participation or various other categories as well - will also be overlooked.
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With regard to the second aspect mentioned above - the indistinct usage of the umbrella term Asian Americans - some might point out that categorizing by common traits is simply necessary in some areas of every-day life in order to not become lost in endless details. While this might be a valid point, the term Asian Americans seems to be very broad indeed - the only common denominator of people belonging to this group being that they (originally) come from one of the various countries comprising Asia. And being categorized in such a broad manner does appear to hold the potential of being harmful.
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One participant of the small survey done for this part of our class project says, "There are a lot of different subgroups (of Asian Americans) and they're all extremely different. That being said, I wouldn't be able to tell you what's going on in any of their communities." This perception indicates that in addition to being overlooked as a group in general by the news media, the distinct differences among the various subgroups of Asian Americans - along with their unique situations - are being overlooked as well. And this might lead to members of the Asian American communities feeling ignored by the news media in more ways than one.
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With regard to the third aspect mentioned above - namely stereotypical news media coverage - some might argue that the model minority stereotype often used for people of Asian American descent highlights positive attributes and is therefore a "good" stereotype. Yet, it appears fair to say that any stereotype (regardless whether positive or negative) carries the potential of being harmful, as stereotypes tend to generalize and to enforce incorrect perceptions about a group as a whole as well as individual members of this group. (For specific and detailed information on stereotypes regarding Asian Americans, please check this part of our class project. Some ways Asian Americans deal with their stereotypical representation (by the news media and in general) are analyzed in the third part of this threefold text.
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So far, the findings suggest that news media coverage of Asian Americans appears to be problematic (at least with regard to certain aspects). Which factors might contribute to this? In her article "The racial divide on news coverage, and why representation matters." Katti Gray mentions that data on the racial make-up of newsrooms across the US remains incomplete. But it is strongly suggested that racial diversity in newsrooms is not what it might be. And this seems to be a factor which definitely could be contributing to problematic treatment of Asian Americans (as well as other minorities) by the news media.
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It makes sense that having more Asian Americans working in the news media could have an impact on how this group as a whole, its distinctive subgroups, as well as its individual members and their issues might be covered. In her article "FEATURE: Where do Asians fit in the newsroom?" Sophie Wang states, "Asian reporters (at the Yale Daily News) are here to share their community's stories and also to improve inclusion in stories that have traditionally not showcased their voices."
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Regarding the three problems discussed above, it appears as if having more Asian American reporters could have a positive impact: firstly, it seems likely that this might lead to more news media coverage of this minority. Secondly, reporters of Asian American descent would probably know more about - and maybe also care more about - the different subgroups than non-members of this minority do. Thus, having more Asian American reporters could lead to more distinctive news media coverage of individual communities of Asian Americans and their very specific issues. And thirdly, it appears as if Asian American reporters would be less likely to use stereotypes when covering members of their own minority group - as they would be more aware of how untrue they are. Considering these positive consequences, having more Asian American reporters seems to be one promising measure worth taking in order to improve the less than ideal present situation of Asian Americans in the news media.
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This part of our text having included stereotypical news media coverage of Asian Americans, you can now find out about some ways Asian Americans deal with their stereotypical representation (by the news media and in general) in the next part of this text.
Asian American Stand-up Comedy
Now that Asian Americans and their portrayal in the news media have been scrutinised, this section will instead look at entertainment media, focussing on comedy. The aim is to examine how Asian American comedians make use of their publicity to address stereotypes against their people. What do they tell the public when their voice is heard? The following part will introduce three comedians and their material which covers a webpage, the streaming service Amazon Prime and YouTube. Aside from analysing their approaches to stereotypes, the reception in the media shall be included as well.
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Steven He, born 1996, is an actor, comedian, TikToker and YouTuber. His family emigrated from China to Ireland when he was eight, so he grew up being influenced by two different cultures. He went to Regent’s University in London, England, obtaining a BA in Acting and Global Theatre and later also graduated from the Neighbourhood Playhouse, an acting school in New York City, where he currently resides. Being unsatisfied with his results of various auditions, he started creating homemade sketches for TikTok, eventually posting his content on YouTube as well. After hitting the one million views mark on TikTok, He had another breakthrough on YouTube in February 2021 with a video called “Asian Parents going through your room.” This sketch gave birth to Steven He’s most popular character, “Asian Dad,” a hypercritical father with an accent who always criticises his son for not living up to his ridiculous high expectations, thus calling his son a “failure.” Going through his son’s room and computer, the father learns that his son intends to apply for Harvard University and NASA. But instead of being proud of these ambitions or even recognising them, the father claims that becoming an astronaut would only lessen his son’s chance of getting a girlfriend.
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Steven He clearly exaggerates the stereotype of Asian parents having strong accents and unrealistic high expectations regarding their children. Since this raises the question if He is reproducing or merely parodying Asian-American stereotypes, the opinions on his material are widely spread. According to Rob Salkowitz, who writes for Forbes, He exposes the “foibles of Asian-American family life”, using TikTok and YouTube for publishing “user-created content giving voice […] to a new generation of global creators”, referring to other comedy content creators with Asian roots like Nigel Ng (“Uncle Roger”) and others. During a podcast interview, He says that he received various complaints accusing him of being racist against himself and other Asians. The comedian then reveals (or respectively claims) that all the accusers were not even Asian themselves but white people, which baffles him. He later adds that his character Asian Dad was not about imitating his parents but himself instead and that he “praise[s] the awareness and the attempt to better the racist situation.”
Another comedian with an acting background is Jimmy O. Yang who became famous through his role in the 2014 HBO series “Silicon Valley.” Born in Hong Kong in 1987, Yang was thirteen years old when he and his parents moved to Los Angeles. After graduating from the University of California in San Diego, he started to do stand-up comedy on a weekly basis. Shortly after his breakthrough with Silicon Valley, Yang signed a deal with Amazon Prime, where his one-hour program called “Good Deal” was published for streaming in 2020.
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It is an edited recording of a performance Yang did in Seattle where he talks about some personal experiences with stereotypes, comments from fans and becoming a representative for Asians, especially in America. During his program he jokes about Hollywood’s whitewashing in “The Great Wall”, a 2016 movie set in ancient China, starring Matt Damon as the lead protagonist. Instead of blaming Matt Damon, Yang admits that he, being an actor himself, would gladly play the main role in a potential movie called “Mt. Rushmore”, possibly portraying George Washington. Yang does not criticise Damon for accepting the role but rather the film industry for offering it; neither did they cast an Asian actor for the role, nor would they ever let an Asian play a white person. By talking about the unlikely event of such an occasion, Yang subtly mocks Hollywood without even using the term whitewashing.
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At some later point during his program, he talks about a disrespectful experience he had with a girl after sleeping with her. According to Yang, she told him “Jimmy, I'm just glad the stereotype’s not true… you don't have a small penis,” resulting in him replying “B****, [do] you understand you just insulted my entire race of people? …But thank you.” Although Yang eventually appreciates the compliment in the girl’s utterance, he first condemns her disrespect strongly. Not only is his answer straightforward to this girl, but to the audience, who he is sharing his story with, as well. Yang uses his performance as a platform to make various points: first, that these stereotypes still exist in some peoples’ minds today; secondly questioning their amount of truth; and thirdly, that such comments are offensive and inappropriate. Yang himself said in an interview that this particular joke is “trying to subvert the standard stereotype and turn it on its head.” Jamie Wen Weiner, who writes for the Asian Awareness & Perspective Connections Blog, thinks that “the show doesn’t just tackle racism, as Yang is nothing short of sexual innuendos, too.”
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When it comes to comedy, women are often if not always underrepresented. According to Ina Seethaler, a professor of sociology at Coastal Carolina University, “[h]umor is clearly gendered. It is often not only portrayed as a male prerogative, but women are also described as lacking any ability for humorous discourse.” Another issue is that women in general are often sexualised and objectified. Asian women thus have to deal with stereotypes regarding both their race and their gender. Due to a human trafficking scene in Eastern Asian countries like Thailand where women sometimes can be bought as sex workers, the western male “imperialist and patriarchal gaze” sees these women as obedient objects. This view is perpetuated by the existence of pornographic websites and mail-order bride sites that appeal to certain male fantasies.
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Kristina Wong, born in San Francisco in 1978, is a fourth generation Asian American comedienne who has developed the website Big Bad Chinese Mama which tackles mentioned stereotypes against woman of Asian descent. This website was created as a senior project for her studies at the University of California where she obtained a double degree in English and World Arts and Culture and a minor in Asian American Studies in 2000. Wong designed her website to look like a regular mail-order bride site that has actually been advertised on websites about fetishes and shows up if people use search engines to find Asian porn online. The target group for Wong’s project thus are exactly those men who hypersexualize Asian women and therefore further these stereotypes.
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The website includes various fake profiles of women who seem to be “on sale”. Instead of providing appealing profile pictures, the women in the photos make faces at the visitor and the texts are caked with exaggerations and irony. One of the profiles belongs to “Phuc Yu”, a young woman of Asian descent. This “name” exaggerates an Asian accent and insults the reader with a homophone that probably does not require any further explanation. In her introduction text she writes “I not hooker looking for big han-some white man to give some suckie suckie and then want him SAVE ME! So take your horsie and ride in to the sun cow boy. I am not pretending to be lee-tle china doll turn sex kitten.” This straightforward utterance aims to burst stereotypical and sexist views – in this case that Asian women are obedient damsels in distress rewarding their master with sex – like a bubble. The introduction text ends with “The next time you say "Ko-nee-chi-wa" to an Asian woman, make sure you're in Japan, white boy.” The harsh tone clearly shows that this woman is tired of being addressed inappropriately and is capable to speak up for herself, leaving the (Caucasian male) reader with a possible threat.
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Wong uses irony and satire to subvert stereotypes against Asian women. The strong and straightforward language she uses on her website is in stark contrast to what the prejudice often is about. None of the texts are in Standard English but use both certain spelling and grammatical features to make it sound like someone with an Asian accent is speaking – though it is obvious that these features are unlikely to appear in written but spoken language; making the satire even more evident. According to Seethaler, who analyzed Wong’s homepage, “Language, often used as a tool to colonize and silence people since it can function as a marker of foreignness, is turned into a powerful means to ridicule stereotypes and to assert Asian American women's slyness.” Wong’s satire is not limited to language, however, as the website also includes pictures of Asian women making faces at the camera or being shown fighting white men with their fists and legs. Chris Hudson, an Australian professor for Globalization and Culture, finds this depiction of Asian women grotesque and carnivalesque, eventually drawing the conclusion that this depicted “ugliness” serves the purpose to humanize these women. Seethaler disagrees with her and finds that “the women of BBCM never [represent] themselves as ugly or grotesque, but as human, diverting from standard, oppressive, beauty ideals.”
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Just like her fellow comedians Steven He and Jimmy O. Yang, Wong is sometimes accused of furthering stereotypes. However, Seethaler argues that “[m]inority members use a contentious type of humor to restore their identity and to empower themselves and the members of their minority group.” The use of stereotypes by members of minorities themselves does not necessarily mean that they are furthering stereotypes – they can also make their voice heard and raise awareness. At least in Steven He’s case, the only ones complaining about stereotypes in comedy seem to be people who are not part of the Asian American minority. It can thus be concluded that the approach to stereotypes in comedy can be ambiguous. Yet, the general reception of Yang, He and Wong and also their material is rather positive. All three mentioned comedians enjoy great publicity and are often regarded as representatives by fellow Asians. They are aware that their media reach offers them an opportunity to break down the barriers of stereotypes and racism. Luckily for them, their reach has gained a significant boost when some of them became internet memes in 2020 and 2021.
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Conclusion
Regarding the representation of Asian Americans in general, the different sections of this page have shown that this topic is quite complex: There are many different sub-communities that lack a proper representation in both politics and the news media. The existence and perpetuation of stereotypes remain an issue. However, there is hope: The representation in politics and entertainment media is increasing. Asian American comedians use their reach to tackle stereotypes publicly on the internet and during their performances. The situation might change for the better. But a lot has yet to happen.
Survey
Interested in some recent first-hand data on the subject of Asian Americans in the news media, asking a few Americans about their personal perceptions seemed like the way to go. Eleven Americans - all of whom say they consume American news media and none of whom self identify as Asian American - responded to the following questions in November 2022:
1) Do you consume American news media?
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Yes: 100%
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No: 0%
2) Do you identify as Asian American?
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Yes: 0%
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No: 100%
3) Do you perceive Asian Americans as being portrayed in the news media:
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more postively than they are in reality: 9.1%
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fairly accurately: 54.5%
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more negatively than they are in reality: 36.4%
5) Do you perceive Asian Americns / Asian American issues as receiving:
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more than their fair share: 0%
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a fair amount: 9.1%
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less than their fair share of attention in the news media: 90.9%
4) Additions to #3
- More than half of the participants (six people) feel that Asian Americans are represented "fairly accurately" in the news media.
-Among the four participants who believe Asian Americans are represented "more negatively than they are in reality" one person names stereotypical representation when they elaborate on their perception.
6) Additions to #5
- Ten of the eleven participants believe Asian Americans and Asian American issues receive "less than their fair share of media attention" - one among these respondents pointing out that they feel that "(...) it really depends on what kind of media you're consuming." Another of the ten says, "There are a lot of different subgroups and they're all extremely different. That being said, I wouldn't be able to tell you what's going on in any of their communities." A third person among the ten voices the following opinion, "There should be more interest shown in how much such people are discriminated against."
Key Conclusions
Although the results of this small survey cannot be seen as being representative, they do offer some interesting insights.
Sources
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“2020 US Census” U.S. Census Bureau, 2021, www.census.gov. Accessed 5 November 2022.
“2022 Asian American Voter Survey.“ APIAVOTE, 25 July 2022, www.apiavote.org. Accessed 9 November 2022.
“Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic Group in the US.” Pew Research Center, 9 April 2021, www.pewresearch.org. Accessed 9 November 2022.
Chen, Ming H. “The Political (Mis)Representation of Immigrants in the Census.” New York University Law Review, vol. 96, no. 4, pp. 901-940. https://www.nyulawreview.org/issues/volume-96-number-4/the-political-misrepresentation-of-immigrants-in-the-census/
Chen, Ming H., and Hunter Knapp. “The Political (Mis)Representation of Immigrants in Voting.” University of Colorado Law Review, vol. 92, 2021, pp. 715-749. https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/articles/1347
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Chow, Kat. "Dueling Stereotypes: Bad Asian Drivers, Good at Everything." NPR Code Switch, 11 July 2013, www.npr.org. Accessed 22 September 2022.
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Conde, Joshua M. "Why Media Won't Highlight Asian American Issues." The Harvard Crimson, 25 February 2021, www.thecrimson.com. Accessed 7 November 2022.
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Duncan, Russell, and Joseph Goddard. Contemporary United States, 5th ed. Red Globe Press, 2018.
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Gambino, Lauren. "Could Asian Americans be crucial to swinging Georgia's Senate Races?" The Guardian, 1 January 2021, www.theguardian.com. Accessed 4 November 2022.
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García-Castañon, Marcela, et al. “Democracy’s Deficit: The Role of Institutional Contact in Shaping non-White Political Behavior.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/rep.2018.24
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Gottfried, Jeffrey, and Michael Barthel. "Black, Hispanic, and white adults feel the news media misuderstands them, but for very different reasons." Pew Research Center, 25 June 2020, www.pewresearch.org. Accessed 9 November 2022.
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Gray, Katti. "The racial divide on news coverage, and why representation matters." Knight Foundation, 25 September 2020, www.knightfoundation.org. Accessed 9 November 2022.
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He, Steven. “Asian Parents Going Through Your Room.” YouTube, uploaded by Steven He, 15 February 2021, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Db9_xsDr5PM Accessed 05 February 2023.
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Nlam25. "White People Try to Cancel TikToker Asian Dad Comedian Steven He.” Reddit, 29 October 2021, https://www.reddit.com/r/aznidentity/comments/qi1d9o/white_people_try_to_cancel_tiktoker_asian_dad/ Accessed 05 February 2023.
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Ordway, Denise-Marie. "How journalists cover Asian Americans: 4 studies on news portrayals and the 'modal minority' myth." The Journalist's Ressource, 17 August 2020, www.journalistsrecource.org. Accessed 7 November 2022.
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Ordway, Denise-Marie. "How the news media portray Latinos in stories and images: 5 studies to know." The Journalist's Ressource, 8 August 2020, www.journalistsrecource.org. Accessed 9 November 2022.
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"Polling Results on the Coverage of Race in the News Media 50 years post-Kerner Commission." Ford Foundation Memo, 2018, www.fordfoundation.org. Accessed 9 November 2022.
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“Representatives.” House of Representatives, 2022, www.house.gov. Accessed 7 November 2022.
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Salkowitz, Rob. “YouTube Comedy Star Steven He Is Definitely Not A Failure.” Forbes, 20 April 2022, www.forbes.com Accessed 05 February 2023.
Seethaler, Ina. “"Big Bad Chinese Mama": How Internet Humor Subverts Stereotypes About Asian American Women” Studies in American Humor, vol. 27, JSTOR, January 2013, pp. 117-138. https://doi.org/10.2307/23823982
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“Senators.” US Senate, 2022, www.senate.gov. Accessed 8 November 2022.
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“The changing Face of Congress.” Pew Research Center, 10 March 2021, www.pewresearch.org. Accessed 7 November 2022.
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Wang, Sophie. "FEATURE: Where do Asians fit in the newsroom?" Yale Daily News, 29 April 2022, www.yaledailynews.com. Accessed 7 November 2022.
Weiner, Jamie Wen. “Jimmy O Yang: Good Deal Review.” Asian Awareness & Perspective Connections Magazine Blog, 14 September 2020, www.aapc-ud.com Accessed 05 February 2023.
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Wilstein, Matt. “How Jimmy O. Yang Is Using Humor to Combat COVID Racism.” The Daily Beast, 12 May 2020, www.thedailybeast.com Accessed 05 February 2023.
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Wong, Kristina. Big Bad Chinese Mama. www.bigbadchinesemama.com Accessed 05 February 2023.
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Yang, Jimmy O. “"You Just Insulted My Entire Race of People" | Jimmy O. Yang [MEME ORIGIN]” YouTube, uploaded by Prime Video Nederland, 23 June 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruuV-GDh3_8 Accessed 05 February 2023.